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Class _£ 1%^ 
BookU. 41 ^. 
Copyright N" 

copnuGiiT DEPosm 



U.S. HISTORY 




CONDENSED BY 

A. S. LEE, Principal 

Miller School 
Huntington, West Va. 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 



Copyright, 1919, by A. S. Lee 



1919 






t'' \v 



U. S. HISTORY 

The Facts Condensed 



History is the record of human progress. 
Civilization is the sum total of permanent gains made 
by man through his personal and co-operative efforts. 

LESSON PLAN FOR THE STUDY OF AN EYENT. 

1. Conditions prior to the event. 

2. Disadvantages of these conditions. 

3. The problem — to better these conditions. 

4. The attempts to improve conditions. (The im- 
provement is the event.) 

5. Success of the improved conditions. 

6. Defects found in the improvement. 

7. Results of the event, listed. 

SUBJECT MATTER FOR "HISTORY IN THE GRADES." 

First Grade. Folk stories, myths, and fairy tales. 

Second Grade. Stories of Indians, such as Pratt's 
Legends of Red Children and Burton's The Story of the 
Indians of New England. 

Tliird Grade. Stories of the Northmen and of Indian 
Chieftains. 

Fourth Grade. Oral and written reproductions of his- 
tory stories read or told by the teacher. Facts in local 
history. Pratt's American History for American Children. 



Fifth Grade. ...Great discoverers, inventors, and heroes. 
"Ten Great Events in History" by Johonnot. 

Sixth Grade. Beginner's American History, Mont- 
gomery. The life and achievements of great men. 

Seventh Grade. American beginnings in Europe. Ex- 
plorers and Colonizers of America. American history to 
the Revolution. 

Eighth (iradc. Adopted text from the Revolution to 
the present. Supplementary books — "A History of the 
United States for Grammar Schools" by Thwaites and Ken- 
dall, Houghton Miffin Co., and Ashley's American History, 
Macmillan Co. 

The aim of the history work in the lower grades is to 
cultivate a taste for history and to create an interest in 
men and their achievements. In these grades history is 
approached through the story and through biography; 
the story is the first available route. 

Patriotic poems and songs, national holidays, and 
birthdays of our great men provide a basis for much val- 
uable history work in all the grades if properly treated 
and presented by the teacher. 



Period of Discovery and Exploration 
(1492-1607) 



The occupation of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) 
cutting off communication with the far east, and the dis- 
covery of the rotundity of the earth, led to the discovery of 
America in 1492, by Christopher Columbus. 

Sir John 3Iandeville first suggested the idea of the 
rotundity of the earth, Colambns resolved to prove it, and 
BLaf^ellan did prove it. 

.. : ©CI.A5 1551)9 



Spain, England, France, and Holland toojc an active 
part in exploring and colonizing America. 

Spain claimed the whole of South America and the 
southern part of North America and based that claim on 
the discovery of America by Columbus. 

England claimed all of North America, basing her 
claim on the expedition of John Cabot, who explored the 
coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. 

France claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence and 
Mississippi, basing her claim on the expeditions of Cartier 
and LaSalle, respectively. 

Holland claimed the middle portion of North America 
, about the Hudson river, basing her claim on the expedition 
of Sir Henry Hudson. 

Each of these nations expended its energies in coloniz- 
ing the parts claimed. 

Christopher Columbns, a native of Genoa, Italy, was a 
great traveler, a practical sailor and a man of practical 
ideas. He believed the world to be round and that the 
Indies could be reached by sailing west. After many un- 
successful attempts to get aid to prove his theory, Ferdi- 
nand, and Isabella, rulers of Spain, fitted out three small 
vessels — the Mna, Pinta and Santa Maria, — for him. With 
these, he sailed to the west and reached the island of San 
Salvador of the Bahama group, Oct. 12, 1492. He discovered 
Cuba on this voyage. A little later, he made a second 
voyage discovering the remainder of the Greater Antilles. 
On the third voyage he discovered (1498) the mainland of 
South America. In Haiti Columbus was arrested and sent 
home in chains. After several years he made a fonrtbi 
voyage visiting the lands he had explored. This voyage 
was full of misfortunes, and Columbus, broken in health. 
and spirits, returned to Spain, where he died in 1506. 



SPANISH EXPLORERS— ^'olnmlms discovered Amer- 
ica. DeSoto discovered the Mississippi. Balboa discovered 
the Pacific ocean. Ponce De Leon explored Florida. Cor- 
tez explored and conquered Mexico. Magellan circumnavi- 
gated the globe. 

ENGLISH EXPLORERS — Cabot discovered North 
America. Drake explored the Pacific coast of North Amer- 
ica. John Smith explored the Atlantic Coast of North 
America. Frobisher explored the northeastern coast of 
North America. 

FRENCH EXPLORERS— Cartler explored the valley of 
the St. Lawrence. Marquette explored the upper valley of 
the Mississippi. LaSalle explored the Ohio and lower 
Mississippi regions. Champlain explored the valley of the 
St. Lawrence. To the work of Champlain the success of 
the French in Canada must be attributed. 

PCTCH EXPLORERS Henry Hudson explored the 

Hudson river and Hudson bay. Adrian Block explored the 
Connecticut valley. Cornelius May explored Delaware and 
Delaware bay. 

These various expeditions and claims led to much 
strife among the colonies and among the mother countries. 
The whole matter was finally settled by the simple plan: 

"That they should take who had the power. 
And they should keep who can." 



Colonial Period (1607-1776.) 



At the time of the discovery and settlement of America, 
all Europe was under autocratic rule. This means that 
the people had no voice in their government and that they 
were forced to accept and support the religious and politi- 
cal dictates of their autocratic rulers. These rulers at 
their own discretion made and repealed laws, declared 
war, made treaties, established churches, and collected 
taxes, to enhance their power or their personal happiness 
and comfort. Racking and devastating wars kept rolling 
over Europe like a mighty ocean. Life, liberty, and prop- 
erty received no protection from the government. Gener- 
ations of oppressed people had repeatedly failed in their 
attempts to better their social condition. Ruthless perse- 
cutions and cruel punishments were speedily administered 
to any person or community that promulgated civic or 
religious views differing from those of the ruling classes. 
Militaryism and autocracy prevailed everywhere. 

The newly discovered continent, America, rich in 
natural resources and ideal in climate, provided unlimited 
opportunities for the oppressed people of Europe to build 
up new communities and to found a new government based 
on the brotherhood of man. The thinking classes of 
Europe saw and grasped these opportunities. Liberty and 
opportunity is what they sought and found in America. 

When we think of this European background of our 
history, it is easy to understand that there have grown 
up in America, democratic ideals that have been tested 
and found good, and that are now strongly in evidence 
wherever civilization is found. America made democracy 
safe for the world and has played a deciding part in mak- 
ing the world safe for democracy. 



It was the desire to escape persecutions and intoler- 
ance that induced Europeans to seek homes in America. 
The colonies of Plymouth, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode 
Island and Georgia, were founded as an asylum for the 
oppressed. 



First Settlements 



Spanish, at St. Augustine, in 1565. 
French, at Port Royal, in 1604. 
Enpllsb, at Jamestown, in 1607. 
Dntch, at New Amsterdam, in 1614, 



Stat* 



Virginia 
New York 
New Jeriey 
Mass. 
New nam. 
Connecticut 
Maryland 
Rhode Island 
Delaware 
North Car. 
South Car. 
Penn. 
Oeorgis 



Date 



1607 
1614 
1017 
1620 
1623 
1624 
1634 
1636 
1638 
16G3 
1680 
1681 
1733 



When 



Jamestown 

N. Amsterdam 

Bergen 

Plymouth 

Dover 

Windsor 

St. Marys 

Providence 

Christiana 

Albermarlc 

Charleston 

I-hiladelnhia 

Savannah 



By Whom 



EnR. Cavaliers 

Dutch 

Emk, Quakers 

EnK. Puritans 

English 

English 

Eng. Catholics 

English 

Swedes 

nugiienota 

Huguenots 

Eng. Quakers 

Eng. I'rlsoners 



Laadlna Maa 



John Smith 

Stuyvesant 

Lord Kerkeley 

.Miles Standlsh 

Gorges 

John Wlnfhrop 

Lord Baltimore 

Roger Williams 

Penn 

Duke of Albemarle 

Lord Clarendon 

Penn 

Oglethorpe 



Cavaliers and Pilgrims. The cavaliers were royalists, 
and supported the Church of England. The Pilgrims op- 
posed both the King and the Church of England. The 
Cavaliers were indolent, yet broad minded and aristocratic, 
while the Pilgrims were narrow minded, but industrious 
and democratic. The Cavaliers came to Virginia to seek 
wealth and to escape the society of the Puritans; the Pil- 



gfims came to Massachusetts that they might worship God 
as their conscience dictated. 

Coming of the Puritans. The 10 years following the 
settlement of Boston (1630) was the most important period 
in the settlement of New England. Within this period 
more than 20,000 Puritans came from England and settled 
in Massachusetts. This great Puritan migration was caus- 
ed by the oppression and tyranny of Charles I in matters 
of religion. Many of these Puritans were educated persons 
of wealth and influence and were among the most progres- 
sive citizens of England. They brought with them the 
world's best ideas as to government and social efficiency. 
Their descendants became leaders in the Revolutionary 
period. 

Coming of the Cayaliers. The tyranny and oppression 
of Charles I brought on a civil war in England between 
the King's friends (the Cavaliers), and his enemies (most- 
ly Puritans) which resulted in the defeat of the King's 
party and the execution of the King 1649. Oliver Crom- 
well, the great Puritan leader, now became the ruler. The 
Cavaliers, fearing the hostility of Cromwell and disgusted 
with the Puritan government, came to Virginia. They 
were mostly men of culture, wealth, and refinement and 
many of them came from some of the best families in 
England. These Cavaliers made Virginia a better place 
to live in and their descendants became the greatest states- 
men and soldiers of our revolutionary period. 



Men of the Colonial Period (1607-1776.) 

Willinni I'enii, the greatest of the Quakers was many 
times thrown into prison for his religious beliet. He oo- 
tained Pennsylvania from Charles II in payment of an 
old debt. In founding the new colony (1681), Penn prom- 
ised self-government and religious freedom to all Chris- 
tians who came under his control. To get a better outlet 
to the sea, he acquired from the Duke of York the lower 
counties on the Delaware, which afterwards became the 
State of Delaware. 

Captain John Smith, an Englishman, enlisted in the 
Austrian army against the Turks. He was taken prisoner 
and sold as a slave. Killing his master, he escaped to 
England and joined the emigrants to Virginia. He ex- 
plored and named New England, and at many times was 
of great service to the settlement at Jamestown. 

William Bradford was one of the early governors of 
Plymouth. He was so popular that he was re-elected an- 
nually for 30 years. 

Jolin Ivndioott and John Wlnthrop were noted gover- 
nors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both were of the 
most prominent and influential citizens of the colony. 

Kofrer >VilIiams came to Boston about 1631. He be- 
lieved in religious liberty. The Puritans of Boston did not; 
in this they differed from the Pilgrims. Roger Williams 
was banished from the settlement by the Puritans on ac- 
count of his liberal vieAvs. In the dead of winter he went 
to the home of Massasoit in Rhode Island. He founded the 
settlement of Providence and later united all the colonies 
of what is now Rhode Island into one colony, free from 
intolerance. 

Iterkeley was appointed governor of Virginia by both 
Charles I and Charles II of England. He opposed free 
schools, the publication of newspapers, and for a time, 
abolished representative government in the Colony. 

Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Virginia planter, was a 
noted leader against the Indians. He hated tyranny and 



consequently became the rival and enemy of Governor Ber- 
keley. Under his leadership, representative government 
was restored, the "Bacon Laws" enacted, and the tyrant 
Berkeley driven from Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion and 
King Phillip's War occurred 100 years befoi'e the Revolu- 
tion. 

Goveruoi* Dunmore, the last colonial governor of Vir- 
ginia carried the Dunmore War against the Indians to a 
successful termination. He was succeeded in oflfice by 
Patrick Henry, the first governor of the State after the 
Declaration of Independence. 

Benjamin Frankliu, the printer boy of Boston, the self- 
taught sage of Philadelphia, the philosopher, the statesman, 
the philanthropist, was the most conspicuous figure of col- 
onial times and one of the greatest national benefactors 
of revolutionary times. He discovered the identity of 
electricity and lightning, invented the lightning rod, wrote 
many books of literary merit, was minister of the United 
States at London and Paris, and secured the aid of Prance 
in 1778, and M^as the balance wheel of the constitutional 
convention. As a diplomat he had no superior. He died 
in 1790. 



Men of Revolutionary Period ( 1 776-1 789) 



John Hancock was a native of Massachusetts. He was 
a graduate of Harvard and became a wealthy merchant. 
He was president of the Colonial Congress, 1774, and of the 
Continental Congress, 1775-77. Was governor of Massa- 
chusetts several times. His popularity and eloquence is 
as well known as his bold signature to the Declaration of 
Independence. 

Samuel Adams, the "Father of the Revolution," was 
one of the earliest advocates of American independence. 
He was a conspicuous member of the Continental Con- 
rrress, and was considered the fountain of the more im- 
portant measures of that body. He was a scholar and an 
orator. 



10 

Robert Morris, the "Financier of the Revolution," was 
born in England, but espoused the American cause. His 
patriotic use of his private fortune often saved the country 
from bankruptcy. He had entire control of the tinances of 
the United States from 1781 to 1784. He was a member 
of the Constitutional Convention, later a United States 
Senator, and died in 1806 in a debtor's prison. 

Alexander Hnniilton (1757-1804) was born in the West 
Indies. He entered the American army in 1776, became a 
member of Washington's staff, and later his private secre- 
tary. He favored and ably defended the federal Constitu- 
tion. He was the first Secretary of the Treasury, proposed 
and planned the first National bank, and placed the credit 
of the United States on a firm basis. 

Georjye Ro'rers Clark, the "American Hannibal," was 
sent by Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, in 1778, to 
wrest the North West Territory from the British. He was 
entirely successful and captured Governor Hamilton, of 
Canada, at Vincennes. This expedition gave the North 
West Territory, embracing the present states of Ohio. 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to the United 
States. This territory was the origin of public lands in 
the United States. 

Nathan Hnle, a young graduate of Yale College, was 
sent as a spy by General Washington into the British 
camps on Long Island. He obtained the desired informa- 
tion unsuspected, and was just embarking for the Ameri- 
can army when he was detected, tried, and executed as a 
spy. His last words were, "I only regret that I have but 
one life to give to my country." 

Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was one of the greatest 
orators and statesmen of Revolutionary times. He oppos- 
ed the Federal Constitution, but used all his energies to 
give it a fair trial and to make the new government a 
success. His speech before the Virginia Convention com- 
pares favorably with Webster's or Clay's best efforts. He 
died in 1799. 

(Jeorire Wasliintrlon (173r?-17!tf)), the popular hero of 
American independence was born in Virginia. He was not 
a thorough scholar but became skilled in practical mathe- 



11 



matics. He served as surveyor for Lord Fairfax, took ac- 
tive part in ttie French and Indian War, and had the faith, 
patience, judgment, military skill, and firmness necessary 
to carry the Revolution to a successful termination. As 
president of the Constitutional Convention, he exercised 
rare tact and judgment in bringing all factions to an 
agreement on the essentials of a fundamental law. 

As president, he exhibited the same qualities of leader- 
ship and executive abilities that characterized his military 
career. "When we take in consideration the state of the 
country in 1789, the advance in prosperity and the uniform 
success attending his efforts in improving the financial, 
social, and political conditions of the people, seem phen- 
omenal. Washington declined a third term, issued his 
famous farewell address, and retired to his home at Mount 
Vernon. 



Men of the National Period (1789-1913.) 



Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), an American scholar, 
statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence and 
the Ordinance of '87, Secretary of State, and the third 
president of the U. S„ was born in Virginia. His entire 
life was one of public service. He has served our country 
in almost every capacity and was eminently successful 
in all. His part in the writing and adopting of the Dec- 
laration of Independence, and the purchase of Louisiana 
(1803) gives evidence of his advanced ideas of states- 
manship. As president, he served the people as many 
have done, and honored and respected them as few have 
done. His most notable service was the impressing of 
democratic ideals upon American government and society. 

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), an American general, 
statesman, and the seventh president of the United States, 
was born in North Carolina but during his public career, 
was a citizen of Tennessee. He was a lawyer, representa- 
tive in Congress, U. S. Senator, General in the war of 1812, 
and his election to the presidency in 1828 marks an epoch 



12 



in U. S. History, as he was t±ie first real representative 
of the "common people." 

Jackson vetoed the U. S. Bank charter, introduced the 
"spoils system," applied economy and justice in the ad- 
ministration of government, championed sound finance, 
and paid all the national debt. 

Like Henry Clay, his school advantages were limited, 
yet he had the ability to do things, and with vigor and 
discretion. Jackson is one of the most forceful personali- 
ties in American history. 

Henry I'lay (1777-1852), was a native of Virginia, but 
moved to Lexington, Ky. 1797 where he resided till his 
death. He was elected U. S. Senator in 1806, served in the 
lower House of Congress from 1811 to 1821 during which 
time he was speaker, was Secretary of State under John 
Quincy Adams, served as U. S; Senator from 1831 to 1842 
and again from 1848 until his death. He was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate for the presidency in 1824, 1832, and 
1848. Though he received very little education in schools 
of any kind, he was one of America's greatest orators and 
statesmen. 

Henry Clay's greatest works are his three great com- 
promise measures: "The Missouri Compromise." "The Tar- 
iff Compromise of 1833" and "The Omnibus Bill" (1850.) 
His untiring efforts in securing the passage of these bills 
allaying sectional strife, gives him the title of the "Great 
Pacificator." 

John Marshall (17551835) a native of Virginia, was 
one of our greatest lawyers and jurists. Just at the close 
of John Adams' administration, he was appointed chief 
justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, which 
position he held for more than 30 years. His decisions are 
standard authority on all questions involving constitution- 
al law, and his influence in developing a strong national 
government is not surpassed by any other man. 

Sam Honston (1793-1863) was a scout soldier, and 
political leader. He was Commander in Chief of the Texan 
force in her struggle for independence. He led the war to 
a successful termination at San Jacinto, where the Tcxans 
gained their independence. He was the chief agent in 



13 



bringing about the annexation of Texas by the United 
States. 

George Peabody was an English Banker of American 
birth. At a great risk in 1837 he sustained American 
credit by purchasing American securities. He gave his 
home town, Danvers, Mass., $20,000 for the promotion of 
Knowledge; he founded the Peabody Institute at Baltimore 
at a cost of $1,400,000; he gave Yale and Harvard each 
$150,000, and for promoting education in the south, he 
gave $3,500,000 in 1869. He died in 1869, and was buried 
at Danvers. 

John C. Calhoun was one of the ablest and most pa- 
triotic statesman of the south. He served as United States 
Senator from South Carolina, Secretary of War, Secretary 
of State, and Vice President under Jackson. He will be 
remembered as an orator, a statesman, and an uncorrupt- 
ible patriot, above reproach. 

Peter Cooper, of New York, was an inventor, a manu- 
facturer, and a philanthropist. He built the first Ameri- 
can locomotive, 1840; he built and provided for -the main- 
tenance of the Cooper Union, New York. He died in 1883. 

Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania, 1734, and died 
in Missouri in 1820. He lived in North Carolina and later 
moved to the wilds of Kentucky. He induced a large body 
of immigrants to locate in Kentucky and helped defend 
them against the Indians. He was captured by the In- 
dians several times, and had many hair-breadth escapes. 
His farm in Kentucky was taken from him by the govern- 
ment of the United States, and he moved to the Great 
Kanawha valley, below Charleson, where he lived several 
years. Later he moved to Missouri to get "elbow room." 
He was the best type of frontiersmen. Other noted fron- 
tiersmen were Lewis Wetzel, Andrew Poe, Kenton, Girty, 
Zane and McCollough. 

Daniel Webster, the greatest American orator, was 
five years younger than Henry Clay, but both died the 
same year, 1852. His Bunker Hill oration, debate with 
Fayne, "7th of March speech" in favor of the Omnibus 



14 



Bill, stand alone in American oratory as masterpieces in 
diction, logic, and eloquence, while his speech before the 
Supreme Court in the Dartmouth college case in behalf of 
the college, and against the State of New Hampshire, easily 
places him in the front rank as an expounder of constitu- 
tional law. Mr. Webster was in public life from 1813 to his 
death. Though born in New Hampshire, he lived in Massa- 
chusetts and represented that State in both houses of 
Congress. He served as Secretary of State several terms. 

Stephen A. Doa^^las (1813-1861) was for many terms 
representative and United States Senator from Illinois. He 
was a leader and one of the most ready and fluent debaters 
in Congress. He bitterly opposed secession in 1860. In 
the election that year, although there were two democratic 
candidates for the presidency, Mr. Douglass received with- 
in 500,000 votes as many as Lincoln. 

Cyrus West Field (1819-1892) organized an Atlantic 
telegraph company. Attempts were made to lay a cable to 
Europe in 1857 and 1858. Peter Cooper joined the company 
and in 1866 the first successful Atlantic cable was laid 
from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valencia Bay, Ireland, 
by the "Great Eastern." His life was devoted to this line 
of work. 

John Brown, an American abolitionist, was born 1800, 
died 1859. He planned the .John Brown Raid, intended to 
free the slaves by arming them in opposition to the gov- 
ernment. His raid at Harper's Ferry ended disastrously 
to him, though it may have hastened the Civil War. He 
was tried, condemned, and executed at Charles Town for 
treason and murder. He was a native of Connecticut, but 
lived in Kansas. 

Alirahani Lincoln (1809-1865) the sixteenth president 
of the United States, was born in Kentucky. At the age of 
seven, he moved with his family to Indiana, and later, 1829, 
to New Salem, 111., where he studied law and surveying. 
He spent btit one year in school and this was four miles 
away. His life is an exemplification of what a young man 
can do by industry, honesty, perseverance, and effort. At 
the age of 23, he was elected to the legislature of 111., In 



15 



which body he served four terms. He practiced law at 
Springfield from 1836 to 1846, when he was elected to rep- 
resent his district in Congress. In 1858 occurred the mem- 
orable contest between Lincoln and Douglass for a seat 
in the U. S. Senate. Douglass won, but Lincoln's wis- 
dom, sound judgment, and convincing argument in that 
campaign, made him so popular that, in 1860, he was 
nominated and elected president of the U. S. His study of 
Weem's Life of Washington, and his visit to the slave 
market at New Orleans, each exerted great influence on 
his life and political views. 

Thomas A. Edison was born at Milan, O., 1847. His 
mother taught him to read. A station agent whose child 
he had rescued from a passing train, taught him tele- 
graphy. He soon became a skillful operator and was 
employed by the Western Union Telegraph Co,, when he 
began the series of inventions that made him famous. He 
built laboratories at Menlo Park, N. J., and at Orange, N. 
J. He has taken out about 500 patents. 

The Mcroplione, Phonograph, Incandescent lamp, and 
Kinetoscope are among his most noted inventions. His 
inventions now give employment to more than a million 
people. 



Others 



other well known statesmen were, O. P. Morton, of 
Indiana; J. A. Brough, of Ohio; Wade Hampden, of South 
Carolina; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under 
Jefferson; W. L. Marcy, of New York, author of the "Spoils 
System;" Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina; Charles 
Sumner, of Massachusetts; Lewis Cass, of Michigan; B. 
Grantz Brown and T. H. Benton of Missouri. 

Clay, Calhonn, Webster, Sefward, Blaine, Olney, and 
John Hay, were noted secretaries of state. 

Hamilton, Gallatin, Walker, Chase, Sherman and Mc- 
Adoo were noted secretaries of the treasury. 



16 

Women of History 



Clara Barton, originator and first president of the 
American Red Cross Society, was born 1826. She aided la 
the Civil war, Franco-Prussion war, and the war with 
Spain. No person has done more to mitigate suffering. 

Frances E. Willard, born 1839, was an educator, a pub- 
lic speaker .and one of the founders of the Prohibition 
party. Her life was identified with the W. C. T. U., being 
its president from 1879 to her death. 

Mollie Stark, Elizabeth Zane, Mrs. Dustin, Harriet 
Beechcr Stowe, Ella Flapg Young and Belva Lockwood 
were prominent characters. 



Noted Indians 



rowhatiin, of Virginia; Kinp Plillip of Massachusetts; 
Looran, the Minco chief; Massasolt, of New England; Osce- 
ola, Tontiac, Tecumseli, and Sitting Bull, were noted 
chieftains. 



Slavery 



Slavery >\as introduced (1619) into the colonies by the 
captain of a Dutch trading vessel, who brought to James- 
town his first colony of negroes. 

Slavery existed in all the colonies, but not extensive- 
ly north of the Mason and Dixon Line, where they were 
chiefly household servants. 

In the South the farmers raised all their crops by 
slave labor. The invention of the cotton gin made slave 
labor very profitable, not only to the producers of cotton, 
but to the manufacturers of cotton cloth. In the begin- 
ning, people generally believed slavery to be right, but 



17 



gradually good men in all the states proclaimed slavery to 
be a national evil, resulting in evil to both whites and 
blacks. The North did not need slaves; the South could 
not get along without them. These differences of opinions 
and interests led to much bitter feeling and to many civil 
commotions, usually compromised by national legislation. 

The first trouble in regard to slavery occurred at the 
framing of the national constitution. One faction wanted 
the slave trade abolished at once, the other faction wanted 
nothing said about it. This difference was compromised 
by section IX, article I, of the constitution, forbiddingr 
Congress to abolish the slave trade before 1808. The ex- 
treme South wanted the slaves counted in apportioning 
representatives; the middle and northern states objected. 
This difference was compromised by section II, article III,, 
counting three-fifths of the slaves in apportioning repre- 
sentatives and direct taxes. By act of Congress, 1807, to 
take effect 1808, the slave trade was abolished. 

The acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase agitated the 
slave qnestion again. No slave states existed above the 
Ohio river; no free states south of it. In 1818 Missouri 
applied for admission to the Union. This opened up the 
qufcsiion as to the existence of slavery iii all the territory 
west of the Mississippi. It was settled by the Missouri 
Compromise, which provided that Missouri should be ad- 
mitted as a slave state and that slavery should be forever 
prohibited in all other territory of the United States north 
and west of Missouri. 

The acquisition of the Mexican territory opened up the 
slave question again. It was settled (1850) by the Omni- 
bus Bill introduced by Henry Clay so ably supported by 
Daniel Webster in his famous "7th of March speech." 

It provided (1) that California should be admitted as 
a free state; (2) that the slave trade be abolished in the 



18 



District of Columbia; (3) that New Mexico and Utah should 
be organized into territories without mention of slavery; 
(4) That Texas should be paid $10,000,000 for her claim on 
New Mexico; (5) that a stringent fugitive slave law should 
be enacted. These bills were passed separately. 

"The Missouri Compromise of 1S20," "The Compromise 
Tariff Bill of 1833." and the "Omnibus Bill of 1850." are 
often spoken of as the three comproniise measures of Henry 
Clay. 

The KansaS'Nebraska Bill (1854) introduced by Doug- 
less, provided for the organization of the territories of 
Kansas and Nebraska with or without slavery, as the 
people of those territories might determine. This terri- 
tory being north of the southern boundary of Missouri, the 
bill repealed the Missouri Compromise. The plan outlined 
in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill is called "Sqnatter-Sovereign- 
ty." 

A little later, the Dred Scott Decision declared the 
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. 

The Kansas-Nebraska Bill led to a civil war in Kansas. 
Both Kansas and Nebraska were admitted as free states. 

The I'nderfrround Railr«)ad was a concerted action of 
the abolitionists in secreting the negroes and helping them 
on their way to Canada. 

John Brown's raid to Harper's Ferry occurred in 1859. 

As a war measure, the Emancipation Proclamation 
was Issued by President Lincoln, freeing the slaves in 
states or parts of states in rebellion against the United 
States on January 1, 1863. 

The 13th amendment (1865) freed the negro; the 14th 
amendment (1868) made him a citizen; the 15th amend- 
ment (1870) gave him the right to vote. 



19 

The United States Bank. 



The first United States Bank was planned by Hamil- 
ton and chartered in 1791 for 20 years, with a capital 
of $10,000,000, of which the government subscribed one- 
fifth. The bank was not re-chartered on the grounds 
that it was not constitutional and was managed by for- 
eigners. 

Another United States bank was re-chartered in 1816, 
for 20 years with a capital of $35,000,000. The government 
subscribed $7,000,000. 

In 1831 the bank applied for a new charter. The bill 
passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Jackson 
and lost. 

The United States Bank was superseded by the Inde- 
pendent Treasury System planned by President Van Buren. 



The Tariff. 



Tariff is a schedule of the rates of duties fixed 
by law. The first tariff bill was introduced by James Mad- 
ison of Virginia, and passed in 1789. The object was to 
raise revenue and to encourage and protect home manu- 
facturers. In 1790 the rate of duties was raised from 8 1-2 
to 11 per cent. In 1792 it was again raised to 13 per cent. 
The rates were increased in 1804, in 1810 duties were 
doubled, in 1816 the rates were again increased. In 1824 a 
tariff with a 37 per cent rate was passed. In 1828 it was 
Increased to 40 per cent. The latter rate led to the "Nulli- 
fication Acts" of South Carolina and to the tariff compro- 



20 



mise measure of Henry Clay in 1833. The rates were 
gradually reduced until the civil war. Since then they 
have been materially increased. The McKinley Bill of 
1890 made the average rate 47 per cent, the Wilson Bill of 
1894 made the rate 41 per cent, the Dingley Bill of 1897 
fixed the rate at 49 per cent on an average. The Payne- 
Aldrich Bill of 1909 revised the tariff again. On some 
things the rates were increased and on others, decreased. 
The Underwood Tariff Law of 1913, reduced tariff rates 
somewhat and placed lumber, wool, sugar, and certain 
food supplies on the free list. 



Political Parties. 



The people first divided into political parties on the 
matter of adopting the Federal Constitution in 1787. Those 
who favored the constitution, led by Madison, Hamilton, 
Marshall, Washington, and Jefferson were called Federal- 
ists; while those opposed to it, led by Patrick Henry, 
George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, and William Grayson, 
were called Anti-Federalists. 

In 1791 Madison and Jefferson left the Federalist 
party. They were Federalists when to be a Federalist 
meant the adoption of the constitution. They became Re» 
poblicans, when to be a Federalist meant the endorsement 
of Hamilton's financial policy. It was in Jefferson's 
administration that the name Republican was changed to 
iJeraocrat. Jefferson is recognized as the founder of the 
Democratic party. 

The Federalists elected but two presidents — Washing- 
ton and Adams. The downfall of the Federalist party is 



21 



attributed to different things, chief of which are the Alien 
and Sedition laws, monarchial tendencies, divisions within 
the party, and the Hartford Convention. 

From 1824 to 1840 there were two parties — the Dem- 
ocratic and Wliig. Monroe, Jackson, Gallatin, Gerry, Ben- 
ton, Calhoun, Hayne, and Marcy were Democrats; while 
Clay, Webster, Harrison, Taylor, and Scott were Whigs. 

Prior to 1834 the Whig party was called the National 
Republican party. 

The American party nominated but one candidate, Mil- 
lard Fillmore, in 1856. John C. Fremont was the first can- 
didate of the Kepnblican party (1856.) In 1848 the Free- 
Soil party nominated J. P. Hale. He received no electoral 
vote. Since 1856 the two leading parties have been the 
Democratic and Republican. Excepting Buchanan, Cleve- 
land and Wilson, all the presidents since 1856 have been 
Republicans. Within this time there have been various 
other parties: Prohibition, Greenback, Socialist, Populist 
and Progressive. 

Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Van Buren, 
Pierce, Buchanan, Cleveland and Wilson were Democrats; 
Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Benja- 
min Harrison, McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft, were Re- 
publicans. George Washington and John Adams were 
Federalists. Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, and Fillmore were 
Whigs. J. Q. Adams was independent in politics. 

Three presidents were not elected by the Electoral 
College: Jefferson, J. Q. Adams, and Hays. The firsi 
two were elected by the House of Representatives; Hayes 
was elected by the Electoral Commission. 



22 

Wars 



The inter-colonial wars were Kliiir ■William's War, 
Queen Anne's War, Kinjr (ieorjre's AVar, and the French 
and Indian War. 

The causes of the French and Indian war were (a) 
Conflicting claims to the Ohio valley; (b) National jeal- 
ousy. General Braddock was sent against the French at 
Fort Du Quesne but was defeated. The battle of Quebec 
was the decisive engagement. The English under Wolfe 
defeated the French under Montcalm. The "Treaty of 
Paris" 1763 closed the war. By this treaty, French ceded 
Canada and all her territory east of the Mississippi to 
England. Spain ceded Florida to England in exchange for 
Cuba and the Phillipines which had been taken by Eng- 
land during this war. 



An Eventful Period (1763-1776.) 



The problems growing out of the French and Indian 
War developed the American spirit and marked quite clear- 
ly the differences between the democratic ideals of Amer- 
ica and the extreme monarchial views of George III and 
his followers. America did not object to paying a just 
share of the expenses of the war but did object to sur- 
rendering democratic ideals as to the method of raising 
the funds. Right here it is well to go back to the be- 
ginnings of our history and to remember that America 
was settled by persons who considered their social and 
civic rights as sacred as their honor and their lives. It 



23 



is no wonder that they openly resisted the application of 
autocratic principles of government, and that they believed 
taxation without representation was tyranny. 

Egypt developed civilization for the world; Greece 
gave 11 science and art; the Semitic peoples of Araoi** 
and Palestine gave it its religions; Rome gave it its laws; 
the Teutons of north western Europe gave to the world 
its courtesy and respect for women; it appears that the 
mission of America is to give to the world a democratic 
government based on the brotherhood of man. This idea 
of democracy can be traced quite clearly from the first 
settlement at Jamestown (1607) to the conclusion of the 
World War 1914-1918. 

The French and Indian war decided that the language, 
laws, customs, and institutions of the English people 
should be perpetuated in North America. It resulted in 
a closer union of the colonies and trained many soldiers 
and commanders, who became prominent in the Revolu- 
tion. The expense of this war was great and the new 
English King George III proposed to make the colonies 
pay most of it. In 1765 Parliament passed the "Stamp 
Act" which compelled the colonists to buy revenue stamps 
and place them on every legal document, note, contract 
and publication. These stamps varied in price from 1 
cent to 50 dollars. The colonists refused to buy the 
stamps on the grounds (1) that it was unjust and (2) 
that it was taxing the colonists without their consent which 
was in violation of the constitutional laws of England. 
Burke and Pitt, able and eloquent members of Parliament, 
championed the cause of the colonies and the odious law 
was repealed. But other laws as obnoxious as the Stamp 
Act, were passed — Declaratory Act, Boston Port Bill, Mu- 
tiny Act, Quebec Act, Transportation Act, etc. These acta 
met determined opposition in America and resulted in the 



24 



calling of The First Continental Congress which met in 
rnrpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. September 5, 1774. This 
congress decided to stand with Massachusetts in her re- 
sistance to British oppression. It issued an address to the 
king, and another to the English people. The Second Con- 
tinental Congress met at Indcpeiidenoo Hall, Philadelphia, 
May 10, 1775. This Congress exercised all the functions 
of government from 1775 to 1789. (1) It provided men 
and means to carry on the Revolution; (2) it adopted the 
Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confeder- 
ation. (3) It completed the union among the states. 



The Revolution 



The causes of the Revolution were: (a) Taxation with- 
out representation, (b) Personal character of George III. 
(c) Inclination of the colonists to be free, (d) Influence 
of France, (e) Appointment of British Bishops to preside 
over American churches, (f) The passage of several acts 
detrimental to American liberty, examples: Boston Port 
Bill; Quebec Acts, Declaratory Act, Transportation Bill, 
and the Quartering Act. 

Washington took command of the army at Cambridge, 
Mass., drove the British out of Boston, was defeated at 
Long Island, gained the battles of Trenton and Princeton, 
and went into winter quarters at Morristown, N. J., 1777, 
was defeated at Brandywine and Germantown, went into 
winter quarters at Valley Forge, 1777-78, fought the inde- 
cisive battle of Monmouth, and, with the aid of the French, 
captured Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown (1781.) 



25 



Leading Battles. 



Battles 


Amer. Com. 


British Com. 


Victorious 


Long Island 


Washington 


llowe 


British 


Trenton 


Washington 


Babl 


Americans 


Princeton 


Washington 


Mawhood 


Americans 


Brandywine 


Washington 


Howe 


British 


Germantown 


Washington 


Howe 


British 


Saratoga 


Gates 


Burgoyne 


Americans 


Monmouth 


Washington 


Clinton 


Indecisive 


Camden 


Gates 


Comwallls 


British 


King's Mt. 


Campbell 


Ferguson 


Americans 


Guilford C. H. 


Greene 


Cornwallis 


British 


Torktown 


Washington 


Comwallls 


Americana 



A Critical Period. 



The time between the close of the Revolution and the 
adoption of the Constitution is known as the critical period 
of American history. Reasons: (1) There was jealousy 
and discontent among the states. (2) The government 
had no money, nor had it credit at home or abroad. (3) 
It could not preserve order nor pay its debts. (4) The 
country had been desolated by the war. (5) The Articles 
of Confederation was inadequate as a means of government. 

The attempt to improve conditions by revising the 
Articles of Confederation led to the adoption of the Na- 
tional Constitution in 1787. The new government so pro- 
vided, was put in operation by Congress 1789. It gave us 
confidence, order, and hope at home, and respect abroad. 
Other events of tliis period: — (1) The Annapolis Conven- 
tion. (2) Shay's Rebellion in Mass. (3) The adoption of 
the Ordinance of 1787. 



26 



War of 1812. 



The causes of the nar of 1S12 were (a) the impress- 
ment of American seamen and (b) the seizure of American 
ships and cargoes, by the British. 



Leading Battles. 



Battia* 


Amer. Com. 


Britlih Com. 


VIctortoui 


Constitution and Gucrrlere 


null 


Dacres 


Amorlrans 


Lake Krie 


I'erry 


liarc'lay 


Americana 


Thames 


Harrison 


I'roctor 


Americans 


J.uiid>-"s Lane 


Scott 


Drummond 


Americans 


HIadensbure 


Winder 


noss 


Itritlsb 


K«'W Orleans 


.lackson 


I'nikenham 


Americans 


('hcsai)eakL' and Shannoi 


l.aHTfiice 


Itroke 


Hritisli 


I-ake C'haniplaln 


McUonough 


I'revost 


Americans 



M 



exican 



War. 



Tlie canse of the Mexican ^Var was a dispute as to 
boundary between Texas and Mexico. 

General Taylor gained the battles of Palto Alto, Res- 
aca I)e La Palnia, Monterey, and Ruena Tisla. 

General Scott gained the battles of Tera Cruz, Cerro 
Gordo, ("ontreras, ("hapultepec, and Mexico City. 

The Mexicans never gained a battle. 



The Civil War. 



The canses of the ("i>il war were (a) Different con- 
structions placed upon the constitution of the U. S. by the 
people of the North and the South, (b) Slavery, (c) Se- 
cession of States, (d) Publication of sectional Looks, (e) 
Infiuence of demagogues. 



27 



The four objects constantly kept in view by the Union 
generals were (a) The capture of Richmond, (b) The re- 
covery of the coast, (c) The opening of the Mississippi, 
(d) The division of the Confederacy by an expedition to 
the coast. 



Battles of the Army on the Potomac. 



Battles 


Date 


Union Com. 


Confed. Com. 


Victorious 


Bull Bun 


1861 


McDowell 


Beauregard 


Confederate 


Seven Days 


1862 


McClelland 


Lee 


Indecisive 


Bull Run 


1S62 


Pope 


Lee 


Confederate 


Antietam 


1S62 


McClelland 


Lee 


Union 


Fredericksburg 


1862 


Burnside 


Lee 


Confederate 


Chancellorsville 


1863 


Hooker 


Lee 


Confederate 


Gettysburg 


1863 


Meade 


Lee 


Union 



Battles in the West 



Battles 


Date 


Union Com. 


Confed. Com. 


Victorious 




Fort Donelson 


1862 


Grant 


Buekner 


Union 




Shiloh 


1862 


Grant 


Johnson 


Union 




Murfreesboro 


1862 


Bosecrans 


Bragg 


Union 




Vicksburg 


1S63 


Grant 


Pemberton 


Union 




Chickamauga 


1863 


Bosecrans 


Bragg 


Confederate 


, 


Chattanooga 


1S63 


Grant 


Bragg 


Union 




Atlanta 


1864 


Sherman 


Hood 


Union 




Nashville 


1864 


Thomas 


Hood 


Union 





Other Battles 



Battles 


Date 


Union Com. 


Confed. Com. 


1 
Victorious 


Cold Harbor 
Heirimac and 

Monitor 
Spottsylvania 


1864 

1862 
1864 


Grant 

Worden 
Grant 


Lee 

Buckhanan 
Lee 


Confederate 

Union 
Indecisive 



28 



The naval battle between the Merrimac and Monitor, 
the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Atlanta and Vicksburg 
are, perhaps, the most decisive battles of the war. 

The defeat of the Merrimac by the Monitor, prevented 
(a) the destruction of the rest of the Federal fleet, (b) 
the breaking up of the blockade, and (c) the capture of 
New York and other coast cities of the north. 

The battle of Antietam checked Lee's first northern in- 
vasion. The battle of Gettysborg checked Lee's second 
northern invasion. 

The battle of Atlanta made possible the division of the 
Confederacy and Sherman's march to the Sea. 

The battle of Vicksbnrg opened up the Mississippi to 
Federal boats. 

The Civil ^Var extinguished secession and made pos- 
sible the freeing of the slaves. 



Spanish American War 



Causes' — The many rebellions of the Cuban people 
against the government of Spain injuring our commerce 
with Cuba, resulting in great damage to American invest- 
ments there, and necessitating the keeping of our navy 
in preparation for active service, were the remote canses. 
The destruction of our battleship "The Maine" in the Har- 
bor of Havana Feb. 15. 1898, was the immediate cause. 

The battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, was the first 
engagement of the war. The squadron under George 



29 

Dewey without material loss destroyed a Spanish fleet 
and silenced the shore batteries. Later, (August 13) the 
fleet acting in conjunction with a land force under General 
Merritt captured the city of Manila. 

On July 1 and 2, the army under the command of 
General Shafter, took and held the outer defenses of San- 
tiago, (El Caney and San Juan Hill.) On July 17, the city 
was surrendered, together with the eastern end of Cuba, 
and over 22,000 Spanish soldiers. 

On July 3, Cervera's fleet sailed out of the Harbor of 

Santiago. The American fleet under Commodore Schley, 
Captain Evans and Admiral Sampson, soon sunk or strand- 
ed all the Spanish vessels with a loss of but one man. 
Besides the great number killed and wounded, nearly 1,800 
Spanish sailors were taken prisoners. 

As a result of the war, Spain lost all her West Indian 
possessions, the Philippines and other islands. The U. S. 
gained the Philippines, Porto Rico, Guam, and Wake Is- 
land. 



WAR WITH GERMANY 



April 6, 1917 to NoTcmber 11, 1918 



Causes. The ruthless destruction of American ships 
and the taking of American lives as a part of the naval 
program carried out by the German government, were the 
imemdiate causes of the war. 

Once in the war, we began to throw into the conflict 
every element of strength we possessed in order that the 



30 



■world might have what we already possess — freedom, de- 
mocracy and equality. Our war aim and our peace pro- 
gram have been the same: "The reitrn of law, based upon 
tbe consent of the froverned and sustained by the organ- 
ized opinion of mankind.** 



Problems Raised by the War. 



1. The raising, training and equipping of a large 
army. 

2. The transporting of this array to the battle front, 
3,000 miles away. 

3. The transportation of food and supplies to this 
army as well as to the allies. 

4. The conservation of food and fuel. 

5. Confining industrial activities to necessities and 
war material. 

6. Caring for the sick and wounded. 

7. The prevention of profiteering. 

8. The management of alien enemies among us. 

9. The creation of an aviation department adequate 
to the needs of our army abroad. 

10. The financing of the war. 

To raise money, the government sold Liberty Bonds, 
Victory Bonds, War Saving Stamps, laid an excess profit 
tax, greatly increased the income tax, and laid numerous 



31 



other taxes on privileges, manufactured articles, and lux- 
uries. 

The war cost us in money about $24,000,000,000; In 
men, 60,000 killed and died of disease, and about 210,000 
wounded. 

National Army Cantonments, Lewis, Ore.; Funston, 
Kan.; Travis, Tex.; Pike, Ark.; Dodge, Iowa; Grant, 111. 
Custer, Mich.; Taylor, Ky.; Gordon, Ga. ; Jackson, S. C. 
Lee, Va. ; Sherman, O. ; Mead, Md. ; Dix, N. J. ; Upton, N. Y. 
Devens, Mass. 

Aviation Fields, Rockwell, Cal.; Post, Ok.; Chanute, 
111.; Love, Tex.; Kelly, Tex.; Scott, 111.; Wilbur Wright, 
Dayton, 0.; Hazelhurst, N. Y.; Self ridge, Mich.; Longley, 
Fla. ; Longley, Va.; 

National Guards Mobilization Camps, Kearney, Cal.; 
Cody, N. M.; Doniphan, Okl.; Bowie, Tex.; McArthur, 
Tex.; Logan, Tex.; Beauregard, La.; Shelby, Miss.; Sher- 
idan, Ala.; McClellan, Ala.; Wheeler and Hancock, Ga. ; 
Wadsworth, S. C; Sevier, S. C; Green, N. C; 

Declarations of war. Austria vs. Serbia, July 28, 1914; 
Germany, vs. Russia, Aug. 1; France vs. Germany, Aug. 3; 
Germany vs. France, Aug. 3; Great Britain vs. Germany, 
Aug. 4 ; Italy vs. Germany, Aug. 28, 1916 ; United States vs. 
Germany, April 16, 1917; United States vs. Austria, Dec. 
7, 1917. 

Central Powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria 
and Turkey. 

Tlie Allies (Entente) Great Britain, France, Italy, Bel- 
gium, Serbia, Russia, Japan, Rumania, Greece, and many 
other small countries. 



32 



Generals. United States, Pershing; Great Britain, 
Haipr; France, Foch; Italy, Diaz; Germany, Hindenbnrt; 
and Ludendorf ; Foch was Commander in chief of the allied 
armies. 

Allied Premiers. Great Britain, Lloyd-George; France 
Clemenceau; Italy, Orlando. Our Secretary of State, Lan- 
sing. These were all members of the peace congress. 

Presidents and Kinprs. United States, Wilson; France, 
Poincaire; Great Britain, George V.; Italy, Emmanuel III; 
Belgium, Albert; Austria, Charles I. William II was em- 
peror of Germany. 

The battles in which our army took the initiative and 
won decisive victories were Chateau Thierry, St Jlihiel, 
lielleau Woods, and Argonne Forrest. These battles were 
fought on the eastern half of the western front. This 
front extended in a southeasterly direction across the 
northeastern part of France. 

New implements used. Airplane, submarine, tank, 
and poison gas. 

Places made famous by the war. Liege, Antwerp, Os- 
tend, Louvain, and Ypres, of Belgium. Verdun, St. Mihiel, 
Reims, Amiens, Soissons, Chateau Thierry, and Cailis, of 
France. Essen, Germany, where the Krupp guns are man- 
ufactured. Brest-Litovbk, Warsaw, and Riga, of Russia. 
Venice, Italy. Monastir, and Belgrade, of Serbia. "The 
Dardanelles," Turkey. 

The Treaty of Peace was made at Versailles, a suburb 
of Paris and is properly called "The Treaty of Paris." 
Our members of the peace treaty were, President Wilson, 
Lansing, White, Bliss, and House. The treaty provides 



33 



for peace among all the belligerent nations; Reparation, 
and restitution, by Germany and her associates for the 
wrongs done, and a guaranty by them that such wrongs 
will not be attempted again. The treaty further provides 
for a "League of Nations" to preserve the peace of the 
world and to maintain freedom and justice for all nations, 
great and small. It will take years to put all the terms 
of the treaty in practical operation. 

Results of the war. It broadened the sympathy of 
mankind. It showed that no nation can force its opin- 
ions and policies upon the world. It completely destroyed 
the autocracy and militaryism that was a threatening 
menace to the peace and happiness of the world. It in- 
sures freedom to every nation both great and small to 
determine its own policy and its own way of develop- 
ment, unhindered, unthreatened, and unafraid. It demon- 
"*fated that there is no super-man nor no super-nation. 
It has marked the dawn of democi'acy and the twilight 
of autocracy. 

Some lessons the war has tauj?ht us. It has taught us 
the value of thrift and unselfishness. It has shown us 
that all our strength and resourcefulness depend upon 
labor. It has established a social equality that is in har- 
mony with democracy. It has taught us the values of or- 
ganization and cooperation and the enjoyment of sacrifice. 
It has nationalized our people. It have proved to us that 
health and happiness depend largely on regular exercise 
combined with correct hygienic habits. It has given us 
a new and broader outlook on life. 

The part our country took In the war. We sent 
2,000,000 well equipped and well trained soldiers to Prance 
and had 2,000,000 more ready to go. Our troops were on 



34 



the ground at the critical times in July 1918 when Paris 
was seriously threatened. At Chauteau Thierry our sol- 
diers started the Germans on the retreat which did not 
cease till the Armistice was signed, November 11, 1!118. 

We provided our associates in the war with $7,000,000,- 
000 in money and with food, clothing and supplies that 
they could not have acquired elsewhere and at a time 
when the success of the Allies depended wholly on the food 
and other necessities which we furnished. 

Our navy rendered substantial aid in patrolling the 
North Sea, in making the blockage against Germany ef- 
fective, and in destroying enemy submarines. 

Since the signing of he Armistice, our soldiers have 
taken a leading part in enforcing the terms of the armis- 
tice. 

■\Ve made victory sure and complete. 



Period of Reconstruction (1863-1877.) 



Immediately after the Civil War three great problems 
confronted the Federal government: (1) The status of the 
Blacks; (2) The status of the Confederate ^\^lites; (3) The 
status of the Confederate states. 

I. The thirteenth amendment, ratified in 1865, freed 
the negro. 

The fourteenth amendment, ratified in 1868, made the 
negro a citizen. 

The fifteenth amendment, ratified in 1870, gave the 
negro the right to vote. 

II. In 1868, President Johnson declared a general am- 
nesty to all persons who had taken part in the rebellion. 



35 



but Congress vested with authority granted it by the XIV 
Amendment, prevented the southern leaders from holding 
any office, state or national for several years. 

III. As to the status of the new states, the President 
and Congress differed widely, the former maintaining that 
they were never out of the Union, while the latter claimed 
they were and that they should be dealt with as territories. 
The view taken by Congress was adopted and Congress 
divided the South into military districts each presided over 
by a military governor until the people of the several states 
should establish a government accepting the Constitution 
of the U. S., and especially amendments XIII and XIV, 

Under this plan, Tennessee came back into the Union, 
1865. 

In 1868, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Louisiana, North 
Carolina, and South Carolina, came back into the Union, 
Mississippi, Georgia, Texas and Virginia remained out until 
1870. 

In 1877, President Hayes, withdrew all Federal sol- 
diers from the South. This restored normal conditions and 
was the end of reconstruction in the South. 



Territorial Expansion of the U. S. 



In 1783 the western boundary of the U. S. was the 
Mississippi River, and the southern boundary was Florida. 
Since then territory has been added as follows: (1) Louis- 
iana, by purchase from Prance in 1803. (2) Florida, by- 
purchase of Spain in 1819. (3) Oregon by exploration and 
settlement, 1832 to 1846. (4) Texas by annexation, in 
1845. (5) Mexican Cession, 1848. (6) Gadsen Fnrcliase, 



36 



of Mexico, in 1853. (7) Alaska, of Russia, by purchase in 
1867. (8) Hanvail by annexation, in 1898. (9) rhllippines, 
Oaani, Wake Island, and Porto Illco by treaty with Spain, 
in 1898. (10) Tutuila, by treaty with Germany and Great 
Britain, 1890. Yirffin Islands in West Indies purchased 
of Denmark for $25,000,000 in 1917. 



Treat 



les 



Treaty of Ryswlok in 1697, closed King William's War 
and provided for a mutual restoration of territory. 

Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 closed Queen Anne's War 
giving England Arcadia and privilege of selling slaves in 
the Spanish Colonies. 

Treaty of Alx-La-CIiapelle closed King George's War 
1748. 

The Treaty of Paris, in 1763 closed the French and 
Indian War. By this treaty France ceded Canada ana all 
her territory east of the Mississippi to England. Spain 
traded Florida to England for Cuba. 

The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 closed the Revolution. 
By this treaty England recognized the independence of 
the U. S. 

Treaty of Ghent in 1814 closed the war of 1812. Its 
leading provision was peace. 

Treaty of Gnadaloape Hidalgo (1848) closed the Mexi- 
can War. The Mexican cession of 522,568 square miles or 
territory to the U. S. for $15,000,000. 



37 

Treaty of Paris (1899) closed the Spanish-American 
War. 

Treaty of Paris 1919, closed the war with Germany. 



Inventions 



In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. It made 
slave labor more popular, increased the demand for slaves, 
led to the building of the great cotton mills of New Eng- 
land, and made cotton "King of the South." 

In 1807 Kobert Fulton invented the first practical 
steamboat "The Clermont." This greatly increased trans- 
portation facilities, made a vast change in modes of travel, 
and greatly aided in the rapid settlement of the West. 
In 1819 "The Savannah" the first ocean steamship crossed 
the Atlantic. 

In 1834 Cyrns McCormick invented the harvesting ma- 
chine. This invention made possible the harvesting of our 
large crops of wheat in the West. 

In 1844, Morse invented the Magnetic Telegraph. 
This invention is one of the greatest auxiliaries of com- 
merce. It overcomes distance, puts the most widely sep- 
arated parts of the world in close touch, and broadens the 
sympathies of mankind. 

In 1846, Dr. Morton, of Boston, discovered Anaesthe- 
sia which is the production of artificial sleep by breathing 
the vapors of ether. By its use the most delicate surgical 
operations can be performed without pain. The value of 
this discovery is inestimable. 



38 



In 1846, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine. It 
is one of the greatest labor saving machines. 

In 1876, A. G. Bell invented the telephone. Its influ- 
ences are about the same as the telegraph but more practi- 
cal and in more general use. 

Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, and in 
1879 instituted the electric light. 

In 1908, the AVright brothers invented the Aeroplane, 

Goodyear discovered the plan for making vulcanized 
India rubber. 

Hoe invented the modern printing press. 

Franklin invented the lightning rod and discovered 
the identity of electricity and lightning. 



LUPOIMANT FACTS AND ETENTS 



Madison, Polk, Lincoln, McKinley and Wilson are 

called the war presidents, because a war was in progress 
during the administration of each. 

Tyler, Fillmore, Johnson, Arthur, and Rooseyelt, are 
the vice presidents that became presidents by the death of 
the president, Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, Garfield, Mc- 
Kinley, respectively, having died in office. 



Debates. 



The Webster-Hayne Debate 1830, grew out of a reso- 
lution offered by Mr. Foote, of Connecticut, in regard to 
the sale of public lands. The debate covered every phase 
of the question of States' Rights, and nullification. Mr. 
Webster's speech on this occasion closing with the words 



39 



"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insepar- 
able," is the most eloquent plea ever delivered by «a 
American, for tlie preservation of the Federal Union. 

The Lincoln-Douglass Debate, occurred during the 
campaign for U. S. Senator in Illinois between its two 
distinguished citizens, Abraham Lincoln and Stepnen A. 
Douglass. The subjects discussed were the Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill and the Dred Scott Decision. They spoke 
from the same platform in each Congressional District, 
and although Douglass won by a few votes, the tactics of 
Lincoln caused Douglass to make statements concerning 
the Dred Scott case that made him unpopular in the South 
and lost him the presidency. 



Ten Important Dates and Events 



1497, In this year, John Cabot discovered North Amer- 
ica and took possession of the country for Henry VII, 
King of England. This event gave England the ground 
for colonizing America and led to the establishment of 
English language, culture, customs, and laws in Nortti 
America. 

1607. This year marks the first permanent English 
settlement in America at Jamestown, Va. This settlement 
gave the English a foot-hold and around it grew the pros- 
perous and influential colony of Virginia. 

1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 
By this act the colonies separated from the mother coun- 
try. 

After this date, the American soldiers in the Revolu- 
tionary war were fighting not only for their rights as 



40 



Englishmen, but for independence and self governmeui. 
The Declaration of Independence created a new govern- 
ment with which foreign nations could treat. 

1787. The adoption of the Constitution of the United 
States. This marks the beginning of our national great- 
ness, completed the union among the states, and establish- 
ed our present form of Federal government. It made one 
nation out of thirteen. 

1791 witnessed the establishment of Hamilton's Finan- 
cial Policy. (See Dictionary of History.) This work of 
Hamilton's placed the credit and currency of the Unitea 
States on a solid foundation, quieted much strife among 
the states, and developed the national spirit. 

1S03. In this year Louisiana was purchased from 
France for $15,000,000. It reached from the Mississippi to 
the Rocky mountains and almost doubled the area of our 
country. As events turned out in Europe, our purchase of 
this territory prevented England from getting it; it pre- 
vented disputes with other nations about this territor> ; 
it gave our country the very best part of North America, 
and the Mississippi river to boot. 

1807. Robert Fulton invented the steamboat this year. 
This event greatly increased transportation facilities, maae 
a vast change in modes of travel, and aided in the rapid 
settlement of the West. 

1830. In this year, the steam railroad was introducea 
in the United States. The railroad provides rapid, cheap, 
and safe transportation facilities. It puts all parts of our 
country in close touch with each other, and is one of the 
greatest civilizers of modern times. 



41 



1844. The invention of the telegraph by Morse in this 
year provided the long-felt need for immediate communica- 
tion over all distances. It eliminates time and distance 
in communications and affords safety for rapid transit. 

1861. This date marks the beginning of our great Civil 
War. This war settled some things of great importance to 
our national progress: (1) That national authority is 
greater than state authority. (2) That a state can not 
withdraw from the union. (3) That slavery should not 
exist in our country. (4) That the government at Wash- 
ington is supreme. 



Events by Periods 



I. Discovery and Exploration ( 1 492- 1 607 ) 

1492. Columbus discovered America. 

1497. John Cabot discovered North America. 

1540. Coronado explored the valley of the Colorado. 

II. Colonial Period (1607-1763) 

1607. Settlement of Jamestown. 

1619. Representative government established in Vir- 
ginia. 

1643. Union of New England colonies. 

1752. Franklin discovered the identity of electricity 
and lightning. 

1754. Albany Convention. 



42 

III. Revolutionary Period ( 1 763- 1 789) 

1765. Stamp Act passed by Parliament. 

1775. Second Continental Congress met at Philadel- 
phia. 

1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 

1777. Battle of Saratoga. 

1787. Adoption of the National Constitution. 
1789. The new government becomes operative. 

IV. Period of National Growth 

(1789-1830.) 

1791. Adoption of Hamilton's financial Policy. 

1803. Louisiana Purchase. 

1807. Invention of Steamboat by Fulton. 

1823. The Monroe Doctrine. 

1825. Completion of Erie Canal. 

1830. First Steam Railroad in U. S. 

V. Period of Invention, Agitation and 

War (1830-1865) 

1834. Harvesting Machine invented by McCormick. 

1844. Invention of the telegraph by Morse. 

1846. Sewing Machine invented by Howe. 

1848. Mexican cession to the United States. 

1850. Omnibus Bill. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

1857. Dred Scott Dcci.sion. 

1858. First Atlantic Cable laid by Field. 

1859. John Brown's Raid. 

1862. Emancipation Proclamation. 

1863. Battle of Gettysburg. 
1865. Thirteenth Amendment. 



43 

VI. Period of Consolidation and Expan- 
sion (1865-1919.) 

1867. Purchase of Alaska. 

1893. World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 

1898. War with Spain. 

1909. Discovery of North Pole by Peary. 

1915. Panama Canal completed. 

1917. War with Germany. 



Events by Administrations 



Washington (1789-1797.) 

1. Hamilton's financial policy adopted. 2. Cotton gin 
Invented by Whitney. 3. Whiskey rebellion in Pennsyl- 
vania. 4. Indian wars in Ohio. 5. Jay's treaty. 
6. Treaty with Spain. 

Adams (1797-1809.) 

1. Alien and Sedition laws. 2. War with France. 3. 
X, Y. Z. papers. 4. Kentucky and Virginia resolution. 

Jefferson (1801-1809.) 

1. Purchase of Louisiana. 2. Lewis and Clark ex- 
pedition. 3. Death of Hamilton. 4. Steamboat invented 
by Fulton. 5. War with Tripoli. 6. Embargo and Non- 
Intercouse acts passed. 7. Slave trade abolished in 1808. 

Madison (1809-1817.) 
1. Battle of Tippecanoe. 2. War with Great Britain, 
3. Hartford convention. 4. National bank re-chartered. 



44 



Monroe (1817-1825) 

1. Protective tariff established. 2. Purchase of Flor- 
ida from Spain. 3. Monroe doctrine announced. 4. Mis- 
souri compromise agreed upon. 5. Lafayette visited the 
United States. 

J. Q. Adams (1825-1829) 
1. High protective tariff law passed. 2. Internal im- 
provements. 3. Erie canal completed. 4. Temperance 
societies organized. 5. Death of Adams and Jefferson. 

Jackson (1829-1837) 
1. "Spoils System" inaugurated. 2. Nullification 
Acts of S. C. 3. Compromise tariff bill of 1833. 4 Web- 
ster-Hayne Debate. 5. U. S. Bank Bill Vetoed. 6. Spe- 
cie Circular issued. 7. McCormick Reaper invented. 
8. Railroad built. 9. Progress in literature. 

Van Boron (1837-1841.) 
1. Financial Panic of 1837. 2. Sub-Treasury Sys- 
tem established. 3. Rise of the Mormons. 

Harrison and Tyler (1841-1845.) 

1. Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 2. Dorr's Rebellion. 
3. Anti-Rent Difficulties in New York. 4. Making of 
ether by Dr. Morton. 5. Texas annexed. 6. Telegraph 
invented by Morse. 

James K. Polk (18451849) 

1. War with Mexico. 2. Territory acquired from 
Mexico. 3. Discovery of gold in California. 4. Sewing 
Machine invented by Howe. 

Taylor-Fillmore (1849-1853.) 

1. Omnibus Bill. 2. Death of Taylor, Webster. Clay 
and Calhoun. 3. Department of the Interior added. 4. 
Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 



45 



Pierce (1853-1857.) 
1. Gadsem Purchase. 2. Kajisas-Nebraska Bill. 3. 
Republican Party organized. 4. Commercial relations es- 
tablished with Japan. 5. World's Fair at New York. 

Buchanan (1857-1861) 
1. Dred Scott Decision. 2. John Brown's Raid. 3. 
Financial Panic. 4. Lincoln-Douglass Debate. 5. Seces- 
sion of States. 6. Steamer "Star of the West" fired upon. 

Lincoln (1861-1865) 
1. Secession of States. 2. Civil War. 3. Emanci- 
pation proclamation. 4. National Banks established. 

Johnson (1865-1869) 
1. Thirteenth Amendment made. 2. Fourteenth 
Amendment made. 3. States re-admitted. 4. Tenure of 
OflQce Act. 5. Impeachment of the President. 6. Atlan- 
tic Telegraph laid by Mr. Field. 7. Purchase of Alaska. 

Grant (1869-1877) 
1. Fifteenth Amendment made. 2. Alabama Claims 
settled. 3. North West Boundary established. 4. Finan- 
cial Panic. 5. Silver demonetized, 1873. 6. Credit Mo- 
bilier Fraud. 7. "Salary Grab Bill" passed and repealed. 
8. Centennial Anniversary. 

Hayes (1877-1881.) 
1. Withdrawal of soldiers from the South. 2. Specie 
payments resumed. 3. Bland Silver Bill passed over 
president's veto. 4. Mississippi Jetties constructed by 
Captain Eads. 5. Railroad Strikes. 

Garfield-Arthnr (1881-1885.) 
1. Assassination of Garfield. 2. Civil Service Re- 
forms. 3. Anti-Polygamy Bill passed. 4. Washington's 
Monument completed. 6. Standard Time adopted. 7. 
Postage rates reduced. 



46 



Cleveland (1885-1889.) 
1. Interstate Commerce Act. 2. Chinese Exclusion. 
3. Trouble with Chicago Anarchists. 4. Charleston earth- 
quake. 5. Presidential Succession Bill. 

Harrison (1889-1893.) 
1. Oklahoma opened to settlement. 2. Johnstown 
Flood. 3. Pan-American Congress. 4. Trouble with 
Italy. 5. Bering Sea Difficulty. 6. McKinley Tariff Bill 
passed. 7. Sherman Silver Bill passed. 
rieveland (1S93-1897.) 
1. Business Depression of 1893. 2. Sherman Act re- 
pealed. 3. Wilson Tariff Bill passed. 4. Modern War- 
ships built. 5. World's Columbian Exposition. 

McKinley (1897-1901.) 
1. Gold found in Alaska. 2. Destruction of the bat- 
tleship, The Maine. 3. War with Spain. 4. Dingley 
Tariff Bill passed. 5. Territory secured from Spain. 6. 
Hawaii annexed. 7. Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. 
8. Samoan Treaty. 

Eooseyelt (19011909) 

1. Panama Canal begun. 2. Anthracite Coal Strike. 
3. Alaskan Boundary settled. 4. Department of Com- 
merce and Labor added as a cabinet office. 5. St. Louis 
Exposition. 6. Irregularities in Life Insurance Companies 
found. 7. Earthquake at San Francisco. 8. Cuba occu- 
pied by U. S. troops. 9. Trouble with Japan concerning 
schools in San Francisco. 10. Election of Taft. 11. 

Aerial Navigation. 

Taft (1909-1913) 

1. Discovery of North Pole by Peary. 2. Payne- 
Aldrich Tariff Bill. 3. Admission of New Mexico and 
Arizona. 4. Movements for the promotion of interna- 
tional peace. 5. Income Tax Amendment. 



47 



Wilson (1913-1921.) 

1. Underwood Tariff Bill passed. 2. Establishment 
of National Reserve Banks. 3. XVI Amendment permit- 
ting the taxing of incomes. 4. XVII Amendment chang- 
ing method of electing United States Senators, ratified. 
5. Parcels Post system established. 6. Trouble with 
Mexico. 7. Purchase of Virgin Islands. 8. "War with 
Germany. 9. XVIIIth, the prohibition amendment adopt- 
ed. 

Wilson's Cabinet, 

Robert Lansing, Secretary of State; Carter Glass, Sec- 
retary of the Treasury; N. D. Baker, Secretary of War; 
Josephus Daniels, Secretary of Navy; F. K. Lane, Secre- 
tary of Interior; A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General; A. 
S. Burleson, Postmaster General; W. B. Wilson, Secretary 
of Labor; D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture; W. C. 
Redfield, Commerce and Labor, 



.xercises 



1. From the following outline, write a biography of 
Washington: (a) Ancestors, (b) Boyhood days, (c) En- 
vironments, (d) Education, (e) Habits, (f) Occupation, (g) 
Public service, (h) Traits of character, (i) Summary of 
life's work. 

2. Give a sketch of the North American Indian by 
discussing the following topics in order: — (1) Origin, (2) 
Color and race, (3) Number, (4) Mode of living, (5) Their 
most ingenious work, (6) Government, (7) Religion, (8) 
Social conditions, (9) A factor in our history. 



48 



3. Using the following suggestive topics, write a de- 
scription of life and citnditions of colonial timos: — (1) The 
mother country, (2) Religion and social rank, (3) Hospi- 
tality, (4) Modern conveniences lacking, (5) Government, 
Kinds, (6) Life among the farmers, (7) Travel, letters, 
and laws, (8) Education. 

4. Write a general description of Events from 1850 
to 1861. This was a period of agitation. The chief events 
were: (1) Omnibus Bill (1850); (2) Gadsen Purchase, 
(1853); (3) Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854); (4) Dred Scott 
Decision (1857) ; (5) First Atlantic Cable laid (1858) ; (6) 
John Brown's Raid, and Discovery of petroleum and 
natural gas in Pennsylvania (1859). 



49 

DICTIONARY OF HISTORY 



Alabama Claims were made by the United States 
against Great Britain for damages done American com- 
merce by the Alabama and other Confederate warships 
fitted out in English ports. The differences were settled 
by arbitration, at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1872. The ar- 
bitrators, C. F. Adams, of the United States; Judge Cock- 
burn, of England; Count Schlopis, of Italy, Staempfli, of 
Switzerland, and Itajuba, of Brazil, awarded the United 
States $15,500,000, which sum was promptly paid by Great 
Britain. 

Albany Conyentlon met at Albany 1754. Its purpose 
was to take steps for protection against French encroach- 
ments. Franklin proposed a plan of union for the colonies 
but it was rejected by both the king and the colonies. 

Alien Laws passed in John Adams' administration, em- 
powered the president to send out of the country any for- 
eigner suspected of wielding bad influences against the 
peace and prosperity of the U. S. 

American System — The protective tariff. 

Anarchist — A person opposed to all government. 

Andre — A British agent who negotiated a treasonable 
contract with Benedict Arnold and who was captured and 
executed. 

Anti-rent diflOicnltles occurred in New York in 1844. 
The cause was the tenure by which lands of the old Pa- 
troon estates were held and rented. The Anti-renters won. 



50 

Armistice. A brief suspension of hostilities by agree- 
ment. It is commonly granted to consider terms of peace. 

.Vtlaiitic Cable — After several unsuccessful attempts, 
this cable was laid (1866) by Cyrus W. Field from Heart's 
Content, Newfoundland to Valentia Bay Ireland. 

Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777. did not go 
into effect until 1781 and was superseded by the constitu- 
tion in 1789. As it provided for no executive nor judicial 
department, it was a failure. Under it, Congress could de- 
clare anything, but could no nothing. 

Bering Sea Dispute with Great Britain In regard to 
catching seals in the Bering Sea was settled by Arbitra- 
tion in 1893. 

Books inflnencine: our history — "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
Sinclairs "The Jungle." "The Oregon Trail," "Bigelow 
Papers," "Common Sense," "The Federalist." 

Blue Laws — A libelous production of Rev. Peters 
against the laws of Conn. There were no Blue Laws. 

Bolshevik! — A word meaning "the majority." The 
term is applied to the socialistic element of Russia who, 
under the leadership of Lenine and Trotzky, assumed con- 
trol of the government, and concluded a treaty of peace 
with the Germans at Brest-Litovsk in 1918. 

Bonlionime Rlcliard — Flag.ship of John Paul Jones. 

Boston Tea Party — A public indignation meeting in 
Boston against the "tax on tea." It resulted in the de- 
struction of $100,000 worth of tea in Boston Harbor. 

Burpress — .Name of members of legislative body of 
Virginia in colonial times. 



51 

Cabinet — Washington's. Secretary of State, Jefferson; 
Secretary of Treasury, Hamilton; Secretary of War, Knox; 
Attorney General, Randolph. 

Carpenter's Hall is in Philadelphia. 

Carpet-Baggers were men from the Northern states 
who went to the Southern states after the war in order to 
get offices. This was made possible by a Federal law dis- 
qualifying Southern white men from holding office. 

Cavaliers — Supporters of the King of England. 

Chinese Exclusion Law (1882) forbid the admission of 
Chinese laborers. 

Civil Eights Bill (1865) guaranteed the civil rights of 
citizenship to the negroes. 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty made by the U. S., and G. B., 
provided that any canal across the Central American 
isthmus, should be neutral. 

Clermont — The first steamboat. 

Conway Cabal — A conspiracy headed by Thos. Conway 
to deprive Washington of the command of the army and 
substitute Gen. Gates. At one time, a majority of Congress 
sympathized with the movement. 

Civil Service Reform — A reform in our civil service 
which embodies the principle that "no dismissal shall be 
made except for cause, and no appointment or promotion 
made except for merit." 

Colleges — Harvard at Cambridge, (1636) ; Yale, at New 
Haven (1700) ; William and Mary, Virginia (1692) ; Prince- 
ton, New Jersey (1746) ; Columbia, New York, (1754) ; 
Brown (1764) ; Dartmouth, New Hampshire (1764.) 



52 



Committees of Correspondence. Committees appointed 
in the colonies just before the Revolutionary war to keep 
neighboring towns and other colonies posted as to what 
was being done in regard to opposition to British oppres- 
sion. 

Contraband of war — Anything that may be used by the 

enemy in waging war. 

Credit Mobeiier — A company organized to construct 
the Union Pacific R. R. Members of Congress were ac- 
cused of graft in connection with this company, (1872). 

Custom House — A place where U. S. duties are col- 
lected. 

1)a(<nT!ia — A Portuguese explorer who was first to 
reach India by an all sea route. 

DoclaratJon of Independence drafted by Jefferson. 
Franklin, Adams, Sherman and Livingston, and adopted 
July 4, 1776. 

Declaration of Ritrhts — A declaration adopted by the 
Stamp Act Congress, asserting the rights of the people as 
Englishmen. 

Dorr's Rebellion — A disturbance in Rhode Island over 
an attempt to change the government of the state. The 
new party led by T. W. Dorr was finally defeated (1842.) 

Dred Scott Decision— In the "Dred Scott Case" Dred 
Scott was plaintiff and his master was defendant. The 
case was carried to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice 
Taney decided against Dred Scott, and declared that as 
the negro is not and cannot become a citizen, he can not 
sue nor be sued. He further declared the Missouri Com- 
promise unconstitutional. Dred Scott was later set free 



53 



by his master, and Judge Taney had freed his slaves long 
before. 

Doma — The Russian Parliament. 

Electoral Commission — A commission appointed by an 
act of Congress, January, 1877, to investigate and decide 
as to the returns of electoral votes from Louisiana, Florida, 
South Carolina and Oregon. The committee consisted of 
5 representatives, 5 U. S. Senators, and 5 justices of the 
Supreme Court. The commission was made up of 8 re- 
publicans and 7 democrats. On every point raised, the 
members divided on strict party lines. By giving all the 
electoral votes of the four states in question to Hayes, he 
was declared elected over Tilden by one vote. 

Electoral College — The presidential electors of all the 
states taken together. 

Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President 
Lincoln as a war measure. It freed all the slaves in states 
or parts of states in rebellion, January 1, 1863. 

Embargo Act of 1807 forbade the departure of any 
vessel from an American to a foreign port. Its object 
was to punish England and France. The measure was so 
unpopular in New England that it was remodeled by the 
Non-Intercouse Act of 1809, which removed all restric- 
tions on commerce except with England and France. 

Entente means an understanding between nations. By 
the "Entente" in the late war, we mean Great Britain, 
France, and Italy. 

Expositions— (1) Crystal Palace, New York 1853. (2) 
Centennial, Philadelphia, 1876. (3) Worlds Fair, Chicago, 
1893. (4) St. Louis Exposition, 1904. (5) Jamestown, 
1907. (6) Alaska-Yukon, 1909. (7) Panama-Pacific, 1915. 



54 



Expnnp'Inc Res(»Iutlon. The Senate by resolution cen- 
sured president Jackson for removing government money 
from the U. S. Bank and placing it in state banks. Thomas 
H. Benton introduced a resolution that the action of the 
Senate be expunged from the records. His resolution car- 
ried and is called the "Expunging Resolution." 

Faneuil Hall— "The Cradle of Liberty," Boston. 

Federalist — A series of articles written by Hamilton, 
Jay, and Madison and published in a New York journal, 
stating why the Constitution should be adopted. 

Flag — The "Stars and Stripes" was adopted as a na- 
tional flag, June 14, 1777. At first, a new stripe as well as 
a new star, was added when a new state was admitted; 
but later, the number of stripes was fixed at 13, — seven red 
and six white. 

"Fifty-four forty or fight," the cry of 1846, meaning 
that we must have all of the Oregon territory to 54 degrees, 
40 minutes, or fight England for it. 

Franklin, State of — A state formed by the people of 
western N. C, 1784, occupying what is now Tennessee. Tt 
was never recognized by Congress. 

Free Trade and Sailors Rights was a demand made by 
the people just before the war of 1812. "Free trade" 
meant the privilege to trade with any country we wished. 
"Sailors rights" meant that our sailors should be protected 
from impressment. 

Fugitive Slave Law — A law passed in 1850, providing 
that slaves escaping into free states, should be arrested 
and returned to their owners. 



55 



Gadsen Purchase — The purchase in 1853, of that part 
of Arizona south of Gila river. 

Gag rules — Rules adopted by Congress refusing to re- 
ceive or read petitions on the slavery question. 

Grand Model was an elaborate and unsuccessful plan 
for the government of the Carolinas. It was written by 
Locke and Shaftesbury. 

Great Law was William Penn's plan for the govern- 
ment of Pennsylvania. It provided (1) for religious toler- 
ation, (2) for the industrial training of children over 12 
years of age, (3) for reducing the death penalty to two 
offenses — murder and treason. (4) for the conversion of 
prisons into reform schools where trades were taught. 

Hall of Fame — A hall on the grounds of the Univer- 
sity of New York, erected to the memory of famous Amer- 
icans. The colonnade 400 feet long, contains 150 panels, 
2 feet by 6 feet, each to bear the name of a famous Amer- 
ican. At the beginning (1900), fifty names were inscribed 
with provisions for five additional names every five years, 
so that by the year 2000, the 150 inscriptions will be com- 
pleted. Nominations may be made by the public, seconded 
by the Senate of the University, after which they are sub- 
mitted to a board of 100 judges made up of eminent citi- 
zens of whom at least 50 must ratify the nominations, 
before inscriptions are made. 

Hamilton's Financial Policy provided (1) for the 
funding of the national debt, (2) for the assumption of the 
state debts by the general government, (3) for the redemp- 
tion of the continental money at par (4) for the establish- 
ment of a national bank, (5) for a protective tariff. Con- 
gress legalized all these policies. 



56 



Hartford Convention (1814) was called by some lead- 
ing Federalists of New England, who opposed the war of 
1812. Delegates from the New England states held secret 
meetings for three weeks at Hartford, Conn. Their pro- 
ceedings were never published. They recommended 
Amendments to the Constitution similar to the Virginia 
and Kentucky resolutions. It killed the Federalist party. 

Hay-Panncefote Treaty — A treaty between the U. S. 
and Great Britain negotiated in 1901 recognizing the right 
of the U. S. to construct, own, and control a canal across 
the isthmus of Panama thus superseding the Clayton-Bul- 
wer Treaty of 1850. 

Henry Letters — Letters which John Henry of Canada, 
eold to James Madison, for $50,000, and which, he claimeii. 
would prove that the New England states were trying to 
withdraw from the union, to be annexed to Canada. 

Hessians — Mercenary soldiers of Germany, hired by 
the British to fight the colonists in the Revolution. 

Hif?her Law — "The Divine law of justice and freedom" 
referred to in a speech against the Fugutive Slaw Law, 
by W. H. Seward. 

House of IJnrpresses was the first representative legis- 
lative assembly to convene in America. Its first meeting 
was at Johnstown, Virginia, 1619. This House of Bur- 
gesses was a training school for Virginia Statesmen. Wash- 
ington, Madison, Jefferson, R. H. Lee, Patrick Henry, Ben- 
jamin Harrison, and Edmund Randolph had served as 
members. 

Hntfnenots — French protestants. Many of them settled 
in Carolina. 



57 



Interstate Commerce Act — An act of Congress regulat- 
ing commerce between states. 

Intolerable Acts hastening tlie Revolution were "Stamp 
Act," 1765; "Declaratory Act," asserting the right to bind 
the colonies in all cases; "Townshend Acts," legalizing the 
"Writs of Assistance," and adding taxes on certain ar- 
ticles; "Tax on Tea," "Boston Port Bill," closing the port 
of Boston; "Quebec Act," adding colonial territory to the 
province of Quebec; "Transportation Act," providing for 
transportation of persons charged with murder to England 
for trial; and the "Quartering Act," legalizing the quar- 
tering of British soldiers among the colonists. 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is where the Decla- 
ration of Independence was adopted. 

Jay's Treaty — It was a treaty of amity with Great 
Britain. It was agreed that the British evacuate the forts 
in the North West, and that the U. S. pay certain debts 
due British citizens. 

Jesuits — Catholic missionaries among the Indians. 
Chief among them were Elliot, Marquette, and LaSalle. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed in 1854. It provided 
for the organization of the territories of Kansas and Ne- 
braska with, or without slavery, as the people might de- 
termine. It repealed the Missouri Compromise. 

Kosciusko — A Polish patriot that aided the Americans 
in the Revolution. 

Kearsarge — The vessel that sunk the Alabama off the 
coast of France. 



58 



Kitchen Cabinet — A terra applied to certain persons 
who were consulted by president Jackson often, and who 
had more influence with him, than his Cabinet. 

Ku>KIn\-Klan was a political organization in the 
Southern states after the Civil war. Its purpose was to 
terrify the negroes and to intimidate the Carpet-Baggers. 

Lewis and (lark Expedition — An expedition headed by 
Lewis and Clark to explore Louisiana. 

Liberator — An anti-Slavery paper published in Boston 
by W. L. Garrettson. 

London ("ompany — An association of business men and 
others of London to found a colony in America. 

Maytlower Compact was a plan of government for the 
Plymouth colony, drawn up and signed by the Pilgrims 
in the cabin of the Mayflower. 

Military Academy is located at West Point, New York. 

Meclilenberp: Declaration (Resolution) was passed by 
the County Committee of Mecklenberg county. North Caro- 
lina, May 31, 1775. It declared that the Colonial Congress- 
es and the Continental Congress were the supreme au- 
thorities in America. 

Missouri Conipronilse provided for the admission of 
Missouri as a slave state, and that slavery should not 
exist north or west of Missouri. 

Monroe Doctrine (1823) in substance announced (1) 
that the American colonies are not subject to future colon- 
ization by any European power, (2) that any attempt of 
the "Holy Allies" to extend their system to America would 
be considered as an unfriendly act, (3) that the United 



59 



States will not meddle in the affairs of Europe. England 
early took the side of the United States and recognized 
the independence of the South American states. 

It was enforced by President Johnson in Mexico, in 
1867, and by Grover Cleveland in the controversy between 
England and Venezuela. 

Mormons — A religious sect founded in New York (1827) 
by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have received the "Book 
of Mormon" from an angel. They located in Ohio, moved 
to Missouri, then back to Nauvoo, 111., and later across 
the desert to Great Salt Lake, and founded Salt Lake City, 
which is the center of Mormonism to-day. 

Mound Builders — A prehistoric race, which dwelt In 
America. 

Mugwumps — A branch of the republican party, that 
opposed Blaine in 1884. 

Mutiny Act provided that the colonies should provide 
food and shelter for the British soldiers stationed among 
them. 

National Constitution was the outcome (1) of the 
Annapolis convention, which tried to regulate commerce 
among the states, and (2) of the ineffectiveness of the Ar- 
ticles of Confederation. The constitutional convention 
met at Philadelphia, with George Washington as Presi- 
dent, and Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson, Franklin, Patter- 
son, Rufus King, John Dickinson, C. C. Pinckney, John 
Rutledge and G. Morris as distinguished members. 

Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. 

Navigation Laws passed during the reign of Cromwell, 
forbade the colonists to send goods out of the colony ex- 



60 

cept in English vessels, bound for England, or to purchase 
foreign goods not brought over in English vessels. The 
laws were passed by Parliament. 

Non-Interconse Act — (See Embargo Act.) 

New England Confederacy — A union of the colonies of 
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Hav- 
en, in 1643, for protection against the Indians and the 
encroachments of the Dutch. Rhode Island and Maine 
were refused admission on account of religious differences. 

North West Territory — The territory now embraced by 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 

NullificJition Act of S. C. — Laws passed by South Caro- 
lina, nullifying the high tariff laws of 1828. The act was 
unconstitutional. 

Omnibus Bill — A law passed 1850 providing that Cali- 
fornia should be admitted as a free state; that the slave 
trade be abolished in the District of Columbia; and that 
runaway slaves should be returned to their owners. 

Ordinance of 1787 was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, 
and adopted by Congress as a plan for the government of 
the North West Territory. 

Oregon Territory embraced the present states of Ore- 
gon, Washington and Idaho. 

Panama Canal — In 1902 Congress purchased the French 
franchise for a canal for $40,000,000 and later bought the 
strip 10 miles wide along the route of the canal, from the 
new Republic of Panama for $10,000,000. A lock canal 
was completed in 1915 at a cost of about $450,000,000. 

Tan American Conprress met at Washington, D. C„ 
1889. All the American States were represented. The 



61 



object was to secure better commercial relations between 
American republics. 

Pilgrims — A part of the Puritans that left England, 
went to Holland, and later, came to America. 

Protective Tariff — A tariff levied on imported goods to 
protect American products. 

Pnritans — A religious denomination of England. 

Quebec Act — An act of Parliament annexing much of 
the territory west of the Alleghenies, to Quebec, Canada. 

Qnartering Act — (See "Intolerable Acts.") 

Quaker Gnns — Wooden cannon on the defenses about 
Richmond to deceive the Federal Army. 

Kegicides — The judges that condemned Charles I. 

Red Cross Society — An international society organized 
Oct. 26, 1863, at Geneva, Switzerland. Its object is to miti- 
gate the cruelties and suffering of war. The Red Cross 
now ministers to the sufferers in time of peace as well as 
in time of war. Their work with the wounded and disabled 
soldiers on the Western Front in the late war with Ger- 
many and Austria can not be overestimated. Throughout 
the great "Flu" epidemic of 1918, the Red Cross Society 
rendered inestimable service. Their organized effort gets 
results. 

Eeichstag — The legislative branch of the late German 
government. Since Germany has become a republic, the 
reichstag has passed out of existence. 

Rotation in Office— The plan introduced by Jackson, 
of filling government positions with political friends. It 
was based on the principle that "to the victors belong thP 
spoils." 



62 



San Jacinto — Battle at which the Texans gained their 
independence. Also the name of the steamer that took 
Mason and Slidell off the Trent. See "Trent Affair." 

Sedition Laws made it a crime for any one to utter or 
publish anything false or malicious against the govern- 
ment, the President, or Congress. 

Senatorial Trio — Webster, Clay and Calhoun. 

Separatists — English Puritans that left the Established 
Church of England and worshipped in private places. 

Shay's Rebellion (1786-87) was an uprising in Massa- 
chusetts among the farmers who were made poor by the 
war, and who in force surrounded court houses and put an 
end to legal actions for debt. The rebellion was led by 
Daniel Shays. It took United States troops to suppress 
the outbreak. Shay's Rebellion marks an epoch in United 
States history, and was an object lesson of the need of 
union among the states. 

Specie Circular was issued by President Jackson, and 
demanded that all revenues from sale of public lands 
should be paid in coin. The financial panic of 1837, is, in 
part, attributed to this circular. 

Steps Toward Inion and >'ationaIism (a) New England 
Confederacy, 1643; (b) Albany Convention, 1754; (c) Con- 
tinental Congress, 1775-76; (d) Annapolis Convention to 
regulate commerce on the waters between Virginia and 
Maryland, 1786; (e) Constitutional Convention, 1787. 

Spoils System — (See Rotation in oflBce.) 

Snb-Treasnry Bill was written by Van Buren and pass- 
ed by Congress. It provided that the government manage 
its own finances. It is the system now in use and super- 
seded the United States Bank plan. 

Sqnatter Sovereignty — The right of the people of a 
territory to decide in regard to slavery. 

Star of the >Vest — U. S. Steamer carrying supplies to 



63 

Fort Sumpter. It was fired upon by citizens of the south, 
1861. 

StarTing Time. The winter of 1609-1610, in Virginia, 
after John Smith returned to England. It was brought 
about by idleness, disorder, hostility of the Indians, and 
by the failure of those in authority to take John Smith's 
advice. By the Spring of 1610, only 60 of the 500 settlers 
were alive. This sixty started to England and met Lord 
Delaware with fresh supplies and returned to Jamestown. 

Statuary Hall is in Washington, D. C. In this hall 
each state is allowed statues of two of its most distinguish- 
ed citizens, usually one republican and one democrat. 
"West Virginia is represented by F. H. Pierpont and J. E. 
Kenna. 

Statue of Liberty — A statue of the Goddess of Liberty 
presented to the U. S. by France. It is on Bedloe Island, 
New York Harbor. The statue itself is 150 feet high and 
the top of the torch held in the right hand, is 300 feet 
above the water. 

Stalwarts — Republicans who supported Grant for a 
third term. 

Stnben, Baron — A Prussian engineer and disciplinar- 
ian. He was of great service in drilling and organizing 
the American army. 

Tenure of Office Bill made the consent of the Senate 
necessary to the removal of a civil officer by the president. 

The Hague Tribunal — An international court at The 
Hague, Netherlands to adjust all matters of differences 
and disputes among nations excepting those affecting n -.- 
tional integrity. Its ultimate object is to settle all dis- 
putes by arbitration instead of war, 

Tories — Friends of the king. 

Townshend Acts laid new taxes on tea, glass, paper, 
etc., and established a Board of Trade to manage the af- 
fairs of Boston. 



64 

Treut Affair — England and France had recognized the 
Confederate States. Mason and Slidell were aboard the 
English Steamer "Trent" on their way, as ambassadors, 
to England and France. Capt. Wilkes of the U. S. S. San 
Jacinto, stopped the Trent, took off Mason and Slidell 
and brought them to Washington. England protested and 
Lincoln, disavowing the act, sent them to their respective 
posts. 

Underground Railroad — A concerted action of the Abol- 
itionists in secreting runaway negroes and helping thera 
on their way to Canada. 

Virtcinia and Kentucky Kesolutlons (Resolutions of 
1798) were passed by the Legislatures of these states in 
opposition to the Alien and Sedition Laws. They were 
suggested by Madison and Jefferson, respectively. They 
asserted the unconstitutionality of these laws, and advised 
disobedience by the states. The resolutions differed only 
as to the remedy, the latter adhering more closely to state 
rights. 

Whiskey Itebellion — In 1794 Congress passed a law 
taxing whiskey. As the farmers of Western Pennsylvania 
had no means of transporting grain, they had been making 
whiskey of it. The whiskey could be easily transported 
and sold at a profit, but not under the new law. The far- 
mers rebelled. The rebellion was suppressed by a large 
force of United States soldiers sent to Pittsburg. The in- 
cident is important, as the people learned for the first 
time that there was a strong national government to en- 
force the laws. 

Writs of Assistance — Writs authorizing British officers 
to search private houses for smuggled goods. 

X. Y. Z. Papers — Papers containing the demands made 
by French agents on Congress but with the letters X. Y. 
and Z instead of the names of the three French agents. 
These papers were sent by president Adams to Congress. 



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